ATI Pathophysiology Practice Exam

Chronic stress can have significant negative effects on health, one of the primary consequences being reduced immune function. When the body is exposed to ongoing stress, it remains in a heightened state of alertness due to prolonged activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. This leads to an increase in the production of stress hormones like cortisol.

While cortisol is essential for various bodily functions, excessive levels over extended periods can suppress the immune system. This suppression occurs because high cortisol levels can reduce the proliferation of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) and decrease the production of cytokines, which are important for immune response regulation. As a result, the body becomes more vulnerable to infections, autoimmune diseases, and other complications related to a weakened immune system.

In contrast, benefits such as improved mental clarity, increased energy levels, and improved cardiovascular health are not typically associated with chronic stress; rather, chronic stress is likely to impair cognitive function, lead to fatigue, and increase the risk of cardiovascular issues due to ongoing strain on the heart and blood vessels.